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package DBI::Profile; =head1 NAME DBI::Profile - Performance profiling and benchmarking for the DBI =head1 SYNOPSIS The easiest way to enable DBI profiling is to set the DBI_PROFILE environment variable to 2 and then run your code as usual: DBI_PROFILE=2 prog.pl This will profile your program and then output a textual summary grouped by query when the program exits. You can also enable profiling by setting the Profile attribute of any DBI handle: $dbh->{Profile} = 2; Then the summary will be printed when the handle is destroyed. Many other values apart from are possible - see L<"ENABLING A PROFILE"> below. =head1 DESCRIPTION The DBI::Profile module provides a simple interface to collect and report performance and benchmarking data from the DBI. For a more elaborate interface, suitable for larger programs, see L and L. For Apache/mod_perl applications see L. =head1 OVERVIEW Performance data collection for the DBI is built around several concepts which are important to understand clearly. =over 4 =item Method Dispatch Every method call on a DBI handle passes through a single 'dispatch' function which manages all the common aspects of DBI method calls, such as handling the RaiseError attribute. =item Data Collection If profiling is enabled for a handle then the dispatch code takes a high-resolution timestamp soon after it is entered. Then, after calling the appropriate method and just before returning, it takes another high-resolution timestamp and calls a function to record the information. That function is passed the two timestamps plus the DBI handle and the name of the method that was called. That data about a single DBI method call is called a I. =item Data Filtering If the method call was invoked by the DBI or by a driver then the call is ignored for profiling because the time spent will be accounted for by the original 'outermost' call for your code. For example, the calls that the selectrow_arrayref() method makes to prepare() and execute() etc. are not counted individually because the time spent in those methods is going to be allocated to the selectrow_arrayref() method when it returns. If this was not done then it would be very easy to double count time spent inside the DBI. =item Data Storage Tree The profile data is accumulated as 'leaves on a tree'. The 'path' through the branches of the tree to a particular leaf is determined dynamically for each sample. This is a key feature of DBI profiling. For each profiled method call the DBI walks along the Path and uses each value in the Path to step into and grow the Data tree. For example, if the Path is [ 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' ] then the new profile sample data will be I into the tree at $h->{Profile}->{Data}->{foo}->{bar}->{baz} But it's not very useful to merge all the call data into one leaf node (except to get an overall 'time spent inside the DBI' total). It's more common to want the Path to include dynamic values such as the current statement text and/or the name of the method called to show what the time spent inside the DBI was for. The Path can contain some 'magic cookie' values that are automatically replaced by corresponding dynamic values when they're used. These magic cookies always start with a punctuation character. For example a value of 'C' in the Path causes the corresponding entry in the Data to be the name of the method that was called. For example, if the Path was: [ 'foo', '!MethodName', 'bar' ] and the selectall_arrayref() method was called, then the profile sample data for that call will be merged into the tree at: $h->{Profile}->{Data}->{foo}->{selectall_arrayref}->{bar} =item Profile Data Profile data is stored at the 'leaves' of the tree as references to an array of numeric values. For example: [ 106, # 0: count of samples at this node 0.0312958955764771, # 1: total duration 0.000490069389343262, # 2: first duration 0.000176072120666504, # 3: shortest duration 0.00140702724456787, # 4: longest duration 1023115819.83019, # 5: time of first sample 1023115819.86576, # 6: time of last sample ] After the first sample, later samples always update elements 0, 1, and 6, and may update 3 or 4 depending on the duration of the sampled call. =back =head1 ENABLING A PROFILE Profiling is enabled for a handle by assigning to the Profile attribute. For example: $h->{Profile} = DBI::Profile->new(); The Profile attribute holds a blessed reference to a hash object that contains the profile data and attributes relating to it. The class the Profile object is blessed into is expected to provide at least a DESTROY method which will dump the profile data to the DBI trace file handle (STDERR by default). All these examples have the same effect as each other: $h->{Profile} = 0; $h->{Profile} = "/DBI::Profile"; $h->{Profile} = DBI::Profile->new(); $h->{Profile} = {}; $h->{Profile} = { Path => [] }; Similarly, these examples have the same effect as each other: $h->{Profile} = 6; $h->{Profile} = "6/DBI::Profile"; $h->{Profile} = "!Statement:!MethodName/DBI::Profile"; $h->{Profile} = { Path => [ '!Statement', '!MethodName' ] }; If a non-blessed hash reference is given then the DBI::Profile module is automatically C'd and the reference is blessed into that class. If a string is given then it is processed like this: ($path, $module, $args) = split /\//, $string, 3 @path = split /:/, $path @args = split /:/, $args eval "require $module" if $module $module ||= "DBI::Profile" $module->new( Path => \@Path, @args ) So the first value is used to select the Path to be used (see below). The second value, if present, is used as the name of a module which will be loaded and it's C method called. If not present it defaults to DBI::Profile. Any other values are passed as arguments to the C method. For example: "C<2/DBIx::OtherProfile/Foo:42>". Numbers can be used as a shorthand way to enable common Path values. The simplest way to explain how the values are interpreted is to show the code: push @Path, "DBI" if $path_elem & 0x01; push @Path, "!Statement" if $path_elem & 0x02; push @Path, "!MethodName" if $path_elem & 0x04; push @Path, "!MethodClass" if $path_elem & 0x08; push @Path, "!Caller2" if $path_elem & 0x10; So "2" is the same as "!Statement" and "6" (2+4) is the same as "!Statement:!Method". Those are the two most commonly used values. Using a negative number will reverse the path. Thus "-6" will group by method name then statement. The splitting and parsing of string values assigned to the Profile attribute may seem a little odd, but there's a good reason for it. Remember that attributes can be embedded in the Data Source Name string which can be passed in to a script as a parameter. For example: dbi:DriverName(Profile=>2):dbname dbi:DriverName(Profile=>{Username}:!Statement/MyProfiler/Foo:42):dbname And also, if the C environment variable is set then The DBI arranges for every driver handle to share the same profile object. When perl exits a single profile summary will be generated that reflects (as nearly as practical) the total use of the DBI by the application. =head1 THE PROFILE OBJECT The DBI core expects the Profile attribute value to be a hash reference and if the following values don't exist it will create them as needed: =head2 Data A reference to a hash containing the collected profile data. =head2 Path The Path value is a reference to an array. Each element controls the value to use at the corresponding level of the profile Data tree. If the value of Path is anything other than an array reference, it is treated as if it was: [ '!Statement' ] The elements of Path array can be one of the following types: =head3 Special Constant B Use the current Statement text. Typically that's the value of the Statement attribute for the handle the method was called with. Some methods, like commit() and rollback(), are unrelated to a particular statement. For those methods !Statement records an empty string. For statement handles this is always simply the string that was given to prepare() when the handle was created. For database handles this is the statement that was last prepared or executed on that database handle. That can lead to a little 'fuzzyness' because, for example, calls to the quote() method to build a new statement will typically be associated with the previous statement. In practice this isn't a significant issue and the dynamic Path mechanism can be used to setup your own rules. B Use the name of the DBI method that the profile sample relates to. B Use the fully qualified name of the DBI method, including the package, that the profile sample relates to. This shows you where the method was implemented. For example: 'DBD::_::db::selectrow_arrayref' => 0.022902s 'DBD::mysql::db::selectrow_arrayref' => 2.244521s / 99 = 0.022445s avg (first 0.022813s, min 0.022051s, max 0.028932s) The "DBD::_::db::selectrow_arrayref" shows that the driver has inherited the selectrow_arrayref method provided by the DBI. But you'll note that there is only one call to DBD::_::db::selectrow_arrayref but another 99 to DBD::mysql::db::selectrow_arrayref. Currently the first call doesn't record the true location. That may change. B Use a string showing the filename and line number of the code calling the method. B Use a string showing the filename and line number of the code calling the method, as for !Caller, but also include filename and line number of the code that called that. Calls from DBI:: and DBD:: packages are skipped. B Same as !Caller above except that only the filename is included, not the line number. B Same as !Caller2 above except that only the filenames are included, not the line number. B Use the current value of time(). Rarely used. See the more useful C below. B Where C is an integer. Use the current value of time() but with reduced precision. The value used is determined in this way: int( time() / N ) * N This is a useful way to segregate a profile into time slots. For example: [ '!Time~60', '!Statement' ] =head3 Code Reference The subroutine is passed the handle it was called on and the DBI method name. The current Statement is in $_. The statement string should not be modified, so most subs start with C. The list of values it returns is used at that point in the Profile Path. The sub can 'veto' (reject) a profile sample by including a reference to undef in the returned list. That can be useful when you want to only profile statements that match a certain pattern, or only profile certain methods. =head3 Subroutine Specifier A Path element that begins with 'C<&>' is treated as the name of a subroutine in the DBI::ProfileSubs namespace and replaced with the corresponding code reference. Currently this only works when the Path is specified by the C environment variable. Also, currently, the only subroutine in the DBI::ProfileSubs namespace is C<'&norm_std_n3'>. That's a very handy subroutine when profiling code that doesn't use placeholders. See L for more information. =head3 Attribute Specifier A string enclosed in braces, such as 'C<{Username}>', specifies that the current value of the corresponding database handle attribute should be used at that point in the Path. =head3 Reference to a Scalar Specifies that the current value of the referenced scalar be used at that point in the Path. This provides an efficient way to get 'contextual' values into your profile. =head3 Other Values Any other values are stringified and used literally. (References, and values that begin with punctuation characters are reserved.) =head1 REPORTING =head2 Report Format The current accumulated profile data can be formatted and output using print $h->{Profile}->format; To discard the profile data and start collecting fresh data you can do: $h->{Profile}->{Data} = undef; The default results format looks like this: DBI::Profile: 0.001015s 42.7% (5 calls) programname @ YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS '' => 0.000024s / 2 = 0.000012s avg (first 0.000015s, min 0.000009s, max 0.000015s) 'SELECT mode,size,name FROM table' => 0.000991s / 3 = 0.000330s avg (first 0.000678s, min 0.000009s, max 0.000678s) Which shows the total time spent inside the DBI, with a count of the total number of method calls and the name of the script being run, then a formatted version of the profile data tree. If the results are being formatted when the perl process is exiting (which is usually the case when the DBI_PROFILE environment variable is used) then the percentage of time the process spent inside the DBI is also shown. If the process is not exiting then the percentage is calculated using the time between the first and last call to the DBI. In the example above the paths in the tree are only one level deep and use the Statement text as the value (that's the default behaviour). The merged profile data at the 'leaves' of the tree are presented as total time spent, count, average time spent (which is simply total time divided by the count), then the time spent on the first call, the time spent on the fastest call, and finally the time spent on the slowest call. The 'avg', 'first', 'min' and 'max' times are not particularly useful when the profile data path only contains the statement text. Here's an extract of a more detailed example using both statement text and method name in the path: 'SELECT mode,size,name FROM table' => 'FETCH' => 0.000076s 'fetchrow_hashref' =>